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Link Resources & Selected References
Link Resources
Pre-Clinical References
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Anderson SG, Gutierrez JM and Ownby CL;
Comparison of the immunogenicity and antigenic composition of ten Central American snake venoms, Toxicon 31(8), 1051-9 (1993).
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Aquiar AS, Melgarejo AR, Alves CR and Giovanni-De-Simone S;
Single step purification of crotapotin and crotactine from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom using
preparative isoelectric focusing, Braz. J. Med. B iol. Res., 30(1), 25-8 (1997).
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Bon C; Synergism of the two crotoxin subunits, Toxicon, 20(1), 105-9 (1982).
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Brigatti P, Hoffman FA, Bernardi MM, Giorgi R, Fernandes I, Takehara HA, Barros SB, Almeida MG and Cury Y,
Tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom in mice is mediated
by pharmacodynamic mechanisms, Toxicon, 39(9), 1399-410 (2001).
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Corin, RE, L J Viskatis, J C Vidal, M A Etcheverry:
Phospholipase A2 -dependent cytotoxicity of crotoxin, Proc. AACR, Vol 34, p.378 #2256, 1993.
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Corin, RE, L J Viskatis, J C Vidal, M A Etcheverry:
Cytotoxicity of crotoxin on murine erythroleukemia cells in vitro, Invest New Drugs 11 (1), 11-15, 1993.
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Delot E and Bon C;
Differential effects of presynaptic phospholipase A2 neutorotxins on Torpedo synaptosomes. J. Neurochem., 58(1), 311-19 (1992).
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DeTolla, L, K Stump, R. Russell, L J Viskatis, J C Vidal, M A Etcheverry,
Acute and chronic toxicity of VRCTC-310 in beagle dogs, Toxicology 1995.
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Donato, NJ, C A Martin, M Perez, R A Newman, J C Vidal, L J Viskatis, M A Etcheverry,
Regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor activity by crotoxin, a snake venom phospholipase A2 toxin.
A novel growth inhibitory mechanism. Biochemical Pharmacology, Jun 14, 51(11), 1535-43 (1996).
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Dos Santos MC, Diniz CR, Whitaker Pacheco, MA and Dias Da Silva W;
Phospholipsae A2 injection in mice induces immunity against the lethal effects of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom,
Toxicon, 26(2), 207-213 (1988).
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Faure G and Bon, C; Crotoxin,
A phospholipase A2 neurotoxin from the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus:
purification of several isoforms and comparison of their molecular structure and of their biological activities, Biochemistry, Jan 26, 27(2) 730-8 (1988).
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Faure G, Harvey AL, Thomson E, Saliou B, Radvanyi F and Bon C;
Comparison of crotoxin isoforms reveals that stability of the complex plays a major role in its pharmacological
action, Eur. J. Biochem., Jun1, 214(2), 491-6 (1993).
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Francischetti IM, Gombarovits ME, Valenzuela JG, Carlini Cr and Giumaraes JA;
Intraspecific variation in the venoms of the South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus),
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol., 127(1), 23-36 (2000).
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Hawgood BJ;
Karl Heinrich Slotta (1895-1987) Biochemist: snakes, pregnancy and coffee, Toxicon 39(9), 1277-82 (2001).
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Hendon RA and Tu At;
The role of crotoxin subunits in tropical rattlesnake neurotoxin action. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., May 23, 578(1), 243-52 (1979).
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Holzer M and Mackessy SP;
An aqueous endpoint assay of snake venom phospholipase A2, Toxicon, 34(10), 1149-55, (1996).
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Johnson, J, M A Etcheverry: In vitro anticancer activity of VRCTC-310, Proc. AACR, Vol 34, p.371 #2209, 1993.
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Kaiser II, Middlebrook JL, Crumrine MH and Stevenson WW;
Cross-reactivity and neutralization by rabbit antisera raised against crotoxin, its subunits and two related toxins, Toxicon, 24(7), 669-78m, (1986)
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Mascarenhas YP, Stouten PF, Beltran JR, Laure CJ and Vriend G;
Structure-function relationship for the highly toxic crotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus, Eur. Biophys. J., 21(3), 199-205 (1992)
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Moriera EG, Nascimento N, Rosa GJM, Rogero JR and Vassilieff VS;
Crotoxin-induced behavioural effects in rats, Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 29, 629-32 (1996).
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Munekiyo SM and Mackessy SP;
Effects of temperature and storage conditions on the electrophoretic, toxic and enzymatic stability of
venom components, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B Bioche. Mol. Biol. 119(1), 119-27 (1998).
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Nakazone AK, Rogero JR and Goncalves JM;
Crotoxin. I. Immunology and interaction of the subunits, Braz J. Med. Biol. Res., 17(2), 119-28 (1984).
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Newman, RA, J C Vidal, L J Viskatis, J. Johnson, M A Etcheverry:
VRCTC-310 - A novel compound of purified animal toxins separates antitumor efficacy from neurotoxicity, Invest. New Drugs, 11, 151-159, 1993.
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Newman, RA, Vidal JC, Viskatis LJ and Etcheverry MA:
Separation of antitumor efficacy from neurotoxicity in a novel compound, VRCTC-310, consisting of purified toxins
of animal origin, Proc. AACR, Vol 34, p.370 #2208, 1993.
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Newman, RA, Yu YH, Xu FJ, Thornton A, Bast RC, Von Hoff DD,Vidal JC, and Etcheverry MA:
Cellular pharmacology and cytotoxicity of crotoxin, a phospholipase A2 toxin, against human breast,
colon and ovarian cancer cell lines (Meeting Abstract), Proc. Annu. Meet Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. (1996), 37, A2685
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Okamoto, M, L J Viskatis, G de la Roza, J C Vidal:
Induction of tolerance to crotoxin in mice, J Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 265 (1), 41-46, (1993).
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Ownby CL and Colberg TR;
Comparison of the immunogencity and antigenic composition of several venoms of snakes in the family Crotalidae, Toxicon 28(2), 189-99 (1990).
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Rangel-Santos AC and Mota I;
Effect of heating on the toxic, immunogenic and immunosuppressive activities of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, Toxicon 38(10), 1451-7 (2000).
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Rudd, CJ, L J Viskatis, J C Vidal, M A Etcheverry:
In vitro comparison of cytotoxic effects of crotoxin against three human tumors and a normal human epidermal
keratinocyte cell line, Invest. New Drugs, 12, 183-184, 1994.
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Santoro ML, Sousa-e-Silva MC, Goncalves LR, Almeida-Snatos SM, Cardoso DF, Laporta-Ferreira IL, Saiki M,
Peres CA and Sano-Martins IS;
Comparisons of the biological activities in venoms from the three subspecies of the South American rattlesnake
(Crotalus durissus terrificus, C. durissus cascavella and C. durissus collilineatus), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol., 122, 61-73 (1999).
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Santoro ML, Sousa-e-Silva MC, Goncalves LR, Almeida-Snatos SM, Cardoso DF, Laporta-Ferreira IL, Saiki M,
Peres CA and Sano-Martins IS;
Comparisons of the biological activities in venoms from the three subspecies of the South American rattlesnake
(Crotalus durissus terrificus, C. durissus cascavella and C. durissus collilineatus), Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol., 123(3), 293, erratum (1999).
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Shin DM, Donato NJ, Perez-Soler R, Shin HJC, Wu JY, Zhang P, Lawhorn K, Khuri FR, Glisson BS, Myers J, Clayman G,
Pfister D, Falcay J, Waksal H, Mendelsohn J and Hong WK;
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Targeted Therapy with C225 and Cisplatin in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer, Clin. Can Res., 7, 1204-13 (2001)
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Stranchi NO, Arias D, Bartolucci E, Martino PE, Gimeno EJ, Diez RA and Costa LA;
One month safety study of intraperitoneal VRCTC-310-ONCO (Crotoxin + Cardiotoxin) in rats, Arzneimittelforschung, Sep: 50(9), 862-6 (2000)
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Stranchi NO, Arias D, Martino PE, Diez RA and Costa LA;
30-day intravenous administration of VRCTC-310-ONCO in rabbits, Farmaco 57(2), 167-70 (2002)
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Tzeng MC, Yen CH, Hseu MJ, Tseng CC, Tsai MD and Dupureur CM;
Binding proteins on synaptic membranes for crotoxin and taipoxin, two phospholipases A2 with neurotoxicity, Toxicon 33(4), 451-57 (1995).
Clinical References
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Costa LA, Miles F, Diez RA, Araujo CE, Coni Molina CM and Cervellino JC;
Phase I study of VRCTC310, a purified phospholipase A2 purified from snake venom, in patients with refractory cancer:
safety and pharmacokinetic data, Anticancer Drugs 8 (9), 829-34 (1997)
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Costa LA, Miles F, Araujo CE, Gonzalez S, and Villaruba VG:
Tumor regression of advanced carcinoma following intra-and/or peri-tumoral inoculation with VRCTC310 in humans:
preliminary report of two cases, Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol. 20 (1), 15-25 (1998)
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Costa LA, Fornari MC, Berardi VE, Miloes HA and Diez RA;
In vivo effect of snake phospholipase A2 (CT + Cardiotoxin) on serum Il-1alpha, TNF-alpha and IL-1ra level
in humans, Immunol Lett, Jan 1, 75(2), 137-41 (2001)
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Cura, JE, D P Blanzaco, C B Brisson, M A Cura, R Cabrol, L Larrateguy, C Mendez, J C Sechi, J S Silveira, E Theiller,
A R deRoodt and J C Vidal:
Phase I and Pharmacokinetic study of CT (Cytotoxic PLA2, NSC-624244) in Patients with Advanced Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, Vol. 8, 1033-1041 (2002).
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